Peptides, explained.
What the peptide research actually shows — and where the gaps are. Evidence-first reads, from first principles to the compounds everyone argues about.
What are peptides?
Short chains of amino acids — the body's own signaling molecules. A clean definition, and what researchers look for.
Peptides vs. proteins vs. amino acids
Related, but not the same. How amino acids, peptides, and proteins differ in size and structure — and why the distinction matters.
How peptides work in the body
They send signals. How peptides bind receptors, the four main mechanisms, and why short half-lives and the blood-brain barrier shape the research.
A beginner's guide to peptide research
What to look for, what questions to ask, and how to think about responsible peptide research — from legal status to sourcing to documentation.
How much bacteriostatic water do I add to a peptide vial?
The amount of water is arbitrary — it changes concentration, not how much peptide is in the vial. Here's the arithmetic that actually matters.
What does 'units' mean on an insulin syringe?
On a U-100 syringe, 'units' are volume marks: 100 units = 1mL. They say nothing about how much peptide you've drawn until you know the concentration.
Bacteriostatic water vs. sterile water: what's the difference?
One word — bacteriostatic — changes the shelf life of a reconstituted vial from hours to weeks. What the 0.9% benzyl alcohol actually does.
Why is my peptide cloudy after reconstitution?
Foam usually means agitation, haze can mean incomplete dissolution or solubility limits, and visible particles are a stop sign. How to tell them apart.
How long do reconstituted peptides last in the fridge?
Community reports commonly cite a few weeks refrigerated for reconstituted vials — but reported is not established, and visible degradation signs override any calendar.
How do I convert mg to mL on a syringe?
Concentration first, then divide the amount by it, then convert mL to units. Three steps, three worked examples, no guesswork.
BPC-157: what the research says about tissue repair
One of the most studied peptides in tissue repair — and one of the most misunderstood. What the research actually shows, and what it doesn't.
TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4) and wound healing
BPC-157's most-debated counterpart. What the wound-healing research shows, where the human data sits, and how the two compounds compare.
CJC-1295 & Ipamorelin: the GH peptide stack
The most commonly studied growth hormone peptide combination. How each works, why they're paired, and what the evidence does and doesn't support.
Peptides and exercise recovery: what science shows
Recovery is one of the most common reasons people look into peptides. Cutting through the hype — what the research supports, and where the gaps are.
The "Wolverine Stack": BPC-157, TB-500 & CJC-1295
Few names in peptide research generate more curiosity — or confusion. What the stack actually is, the rationale, and what we know versus what we don't.
Glutathione Injections: What Is Actually Known
Most people searching this want to know whether glutathione injections lighten skin. The honest answer is that there is no trial evidence to show you, and that absence is the most useful fact on this page.
GLP-1 peptides: semaglutide, Ozempic & the research
The most written-about peptide class in the world. What they are, how they work, what the research shows, and where the open questions remain.
AOD-9604: the fat-burning peptide, fact-checked
A growth-hormone fragment with a complicated history and a lot of online misinformation. What the research shows — and what it doesn't.
Peptides and metabolism: what the studies show
Metabolism is one of the most misused words in health and wellness. What it actually is, and which peptides the research connects to it.
Why metabolic health is the foundation of everything
You can train, sleep and supplement wisely — but if your metabolism isn't working, much of that effort doesn't translate.
Tirzepatide: what it is, and what the trials actually showed
Tirzepatide has one of the largest trial programmes of any peptide ever made. That makes it unusually easy to separate what was measured from what is claimed.
What Does Retatrutide Do? Phase 2, Phase 3, and What Is Still Unknown
Retatrutide is a triple receptor agonist with unusually large trial numbers and no approval anywhere. Those two facts have to be held together.
GLP-1 side effects: the ones the trials measured
Most GLP-1 side effects are gastrointestinal, dose-related and temporary. A short list is serious, and a few widely repeated claims have since been removed from the labels.
Tirzepatide side effects, as recorded in the trials
Most of what people call a tirzepatide side effect is gastrointestinal and clusters in the dose-escalation weeks. The label warnings are a different list, and a few of them changed in 2026.
NAD+ and NMN: the science of cellular energy and aging
No area of longevity research has generated more excitement — or more hype — than NAD+ and its precursors. Here's what the evidence supports.
Epithalon: the telomere research peptide
No peptide carries more longevity folklore than Epithalon. The actual evidence, the actual gaps, and the actual state of the research.
Senolytics vs. peptides: two approaches to aging research
Two approaches dominate longevity research: senolytics that clear aged cells, and peptides that modulate repair. How they compare.
How peptides may support cellular repair and regeneration
The body's capacity for repair is remarkable — until it isn't. Here's what we know about modulating it, and where the evidence actually stands.
MOTS-c peptide: the human trial belonged to a different molecule
MOTS-c is a peptide your own mitochondrial DNA encodes, and the discovery is genuinely remarkable. The human trial it gets credit for was run on a different molecule.
TRT vs. peptide therapy: what's the difference
Hormone optimization is one of the most discussed — and misunderstood — areas in health. Here's how TRT and peptide therapy actually differ.
Sermorelin: the oldest GHRH analogue, and what happened to it
Sermorelin has a real regulatory history, two former FDA approvals, and genuine pharmacology. None of that history covers the adult use it is sold for today.